Data:

United States: 2024 estimated, population over 4M are selected only. Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA), the CBSA is the Census summary level representing a “metropolitan area.”

Japan: 2020

Germany: Rhineland, 2019; Rhine-Ruhr (rounded no.), 2021; Ruhr, 2023

United Kingdom: 2023

France: 2022

Italy: Rome, 2021; Milan, 2022

Canada: 2025 estimated, population over 1M are selected only

Info:

Metropolitan Areas of Canada are using 2025 estimated population to compare with other G7 countries and cities.

Toronto (by using 2025 figure): rank after 5 metropolitan areas of United States, also after other G7 cities which are Tokyo, Rhine-Ruhr (Germany), London and Paris

Also see:

-Net Migration (% of Population), G7

-Cumulative Net Migration (% of Population), G7

-No. of International Students, Canada

Insights:

1)Three Differentiating Factors Behind Canada's GDP among G7

2)Without those 3 tricks and the historically low-interest-rate environment, what would be left?